Modern CPR
Modern CPR:
The chest compression we use today is an unexpected invention by three researchers at Johns Hopkins University in 1958. These three, namely, Dr. William Bennett Kouwenhoven, Dr. Guy Knickerbocker, and Dr. James Roderick Jude brought pulse back to a puppy who had cardiac arrest when they forcefully pressed the electrode on the puppy’s chest during an experiment of dog defibrillation, Later, Dr. Jude began to carry out experiments on human bodies. In July 1959, he saved a 35 year-old woman who had an anesthesia accident with this method. A year later, the three researchers reported 20 cases of using chest compression in the Journal of the American Medical Association, in which 14 people were successfully saved. The success rate stood at 70%.
Image Source:http://em.pgpic.com/images/vm/Kouwenhoven%20Jude%20Knickerbocker.jpg
Image Source:
http://www.freedomhousedoc.com/images/safar01.jpg?515
In 1957, Dr. Peter Safar, the father of modern CPR, and Dr. James Elam proved the effectiveness of mouth-to-mouth resuscitation through live tests. Moreover, he synthesized [1] opening the airway (A-Airway), [2] rescue breath (B- Breathing) and [3] external cardiac massage (C-Chest Compression) as the foundation of contemporary CPR. This method of first aid was accepted by the American Heart Association in 1973 and has been widely used since then.
Even now, people are still worried about the potential infections from mouth-to-mouth resuscitation, which is what makes it hard for CPR to become popular. Thus, the American Heart Association offered courses for untrained rescuers to teach them use Hands-only CPR, hoping to raise the general acceptance of CPR and benefit more patients. Since 2010, the International Liaison Committee on Resuscitation has changed slogan of CPR from long standing “ABC” to “CAB” because of the importance of blood circulation during cardiopulmonary resuscitation. In other words, they start to emphasize that CPR should start from chest compression with an aim to increase survival rate of patients.
機械年代:
Load-distributing band
Image Source:
https://encrypted-tbn0.gstatic.com/images?q=tbn:ANd9G cRZTY7bR2YLvLUBtS-RNh-S5nsy4MDowmPIBZRsCq 0rylwe74TdWw
While people emphasize on the importance of CPR, it is too demanding to ask rescuers to perform CPR for a long time, and the recovery effects might even be affected due to the lack of energy and power. Therefore, the idea of mechanical chest compression began to appear. Nowadays, there are many different kinds of chest compression devices in the market whose designs are based on different principles, including the use of load-distributing band as well as mechanical piston.
機械活塞
圖片來源: http://www.alcor.org/images/lucas2.jpg
Although mechanical chest compression device can assist rescuers and reduce the chances of injury, there is not sufficient scientific data to prove that mechanical device can replace manual CPR.法。
Looking Forward:
CPR would improve with advancing technology and new scientific research results. Therefore, rescuers should regularly enhance their knowledge and skills to make sure they can use the best method to save more patients from cardiac arrest.
Reference:
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History_of_cardiopulmonary_resuscitation [accessed on 15 August 2013]
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cardiopulmonary_resuscitation [accessed on 15 August 2013]
Sayre MR, Berg RA, Cave DM, Page RL, Potts J, White RD. Hands-only (Compression-only) Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation: A Call to Action for Bystander Response to Adults Who Experience Out-of-Hospital Cardiac Arrest: A Science Advisory for the Public From the American Heart Association Emergency Cardiovascular Care Committee. Circulation 2008:117;2162-2167.
Sayre MR, Koster RW, Botha M, Cave DM, Cudrik MT, Handley AJ, et al. Part 5: Adult Basic Life Support: 2010 International Consensus on Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation and Emergency Cardiovascular Care Science with Treatment Recommendations. Circulation 2010:122;S298-S324.